The catalysts calcined at 450 ☌ performed well on this reaction due to the formation of medium base sites on the catalysts as well as the big surface area around 400 m 2/g and uniform pore size at 6 nm. The Cs-0.1La/SBA-15 (with La content of 0.1 %) exhibited higher catalytic activity than the other La-containing catalysts because of the higher density of medium base sites and medium acid sites. The results showed that La existed as LaONO 3 on the catalysts and could constitute additional Lewis acid sites on the catalysts. With the investigation of the relationship between the properties of catalysts and the catalytic performance, the appropriate acid–base sites for this reaction were provided. In this work, lanthanum and cesium-loaded SBA-15 acid–base bifunctional catalysts for aldol condensation have been prepared by wetness impregnation method to maximize the yield of MMA. Aldol condensation of methyl propionate (MP) and formaldehyde (FA) is a green and sustainable route to synthesize methyl methacrylate (MMA).
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